The term area v31 refers to one of two parts of the ventral posterior cingulate cortex.The other is area v23. It is located in the precuneus caudal to the posterior cingulate gyrus and the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is caudodorsal to area v23 and caudoventral to area d31 of the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex. In the macaque, it has no topological equivalent ( Vogt-2012 ). It may have partial equivalence to the retrosplenial area of the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Hof-2000 ).